Geographical Discoveries

Great geographical discoveries – a popular term geographical discoveries made at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in particular: circumnavigation Cape of Good Hope by Diaz (1488), the discovery of America by Columbus (1492), and then the conquest, trip [[Vasco da Gama | to India (1498) and the first trip around the world, Magellan (1519-1522). These events triggered a further voyages of discovery and contributed to a significant widening of the geographical horizon of Europeans. Expedition of Christopher Columbus Rulers of Spain, they realized that they begin to lose the distance to Portugal, which definitely lead the quantity organized expeditions. But so far Spain was busy fighting with the Arabs, who defended her at the last stronghold – Grenada. When in 1492 the Saracens were expelled from the Iberian peninsula, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance the expedition, which presented them with a description of the Genoese Christopher Columbus. The traveler asked the first king of Portugal. Presented a plan aimed at shipping on the west and in accordance with the map of Ptolemy, after crossing the Atlantic to reach Asia. However, not met with favor. With the same plan, asked the king of Spain. Under the agreement, written by Columbus from the royal couple: Columbus was appointed for life admiral, governor and viceroy of the newly discovered lands. 1 / 10 of income from the newly discovered land was to belong to Columbus, the rest of the royal treasury. In return, Columbus promised to cover 1 / 8 the cost of the expedition. The rest covered the royal couple. And the expedition of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) The expedition set sail on August 3, 1492 from the port of Palos de la Frontera. The first stage of the journey were previously discovered the Canary Islands, then Columbus sailed along the 28 parallel to the west. The crew, consisting of about 90 people after 3 weeks of shipping began to rebel, when it turned out that you can not see land. 29. 09. Columbus in his diary wrote that it was rebellion. 11. 10. Columbus erected ultimatum – if within 24 hours will not see the land has ordered outflow. Fortunately for Kolumba12 October after three months of the expedition, when the entire crew of the ship was already tired and actually threatened Columbus's death, Juan Rodriguez Bermejo saw the crow's nest land. The expedition landed on the island probably Watling (called Guanahani by the Indians), a small island group of the Bahamas. In the natives pointed gold ornaments. Interviewed about their origin indicated the direction to the south. Judging from this that lies to the north of the mainland, Columbus chose a new course to the southwest. Indians called the island's inhabitants. October 28 Columbus arrived in Cuba, then on December 6 found another island of Haiti / Hispaniola and the smaller islands, which he called Isabella and Fernandina in honor of the royal couple. Then there was a crisis – in late January and February turned out that the admiral ship sank and the Santa Maria, Columbus ordered the return to their homeland. In March 1493, two ships returned to Palos. Second expedition of Christopher Columbus (1493 – 1494) September 25, 1493, the expedition set off another. This time the expedition better equipped, numbering more ships (about 15, the number of crew: about 1750). The expedition lasted 1. 5 years. This time, Columbus chose a more southern route, and thus reached land in the area of the Lesser Antilles. Subsequently discovered the island of Dominica, Marie – Galante, Guadeloupe, Antigua and Puerto Rico. Nov. 22 Columbus arrived in Haiti again, to see that the people left there, no one survived. How domyslono, all perished in the struggle with the natives. In the longer journey Columbus sailed along the southern coast of Cuba and discovered Jamaica. However, the absolute gggaaaTymczasem proceeding to Columbus alienated a large part of his crew. Discouraged many hardships and lack of legendary riches separated themselves from the trip and started searching on your own. Others returned to Spain, choking many complaints on Columbus. Influenced by the enemies of Columbus postulated to take privileges granted to him earlier, and in his place appointed royal governor of the newly discovered lands. In this situation, Columbus on March 19 headed back to Spain, where he arrived June 11. At the court managed to clear himself of the charges against him, obtained a confirmation of earlier privileges and the promise of organizing the next, the third expedition. Third expedition of Christopher Columbus (1498 – 1500) Another, already the third expedition took place in 1498 on her organization had to wait so much, because it failed to fully restore confidence in what it darzono. In fact, only during this expedition, Christopher Columbus saw the mainland. It was South America, but that's when fate turned away from Columbus. Columbus autocratic favor of his people, in particular his son – Diego. She came to the undoubted frustration at the lack of major economic successes and difficulties expeditions in relations with the natives. Just as during the second expedition, news arrived of the problems to the crown. Meanwhile, it was decided to act more decisively. In June 1500 sent to the west of Francis Bobadilla, which were endowed with wide powers of attorney. After reviewing the situation in Haiti, he ordered arrest of Columbus and his son, and shackled to send them to Spain. At the Columbus site again managed to clear themselves of charges and return to the graces of the royal pair. The result was a fourth and last expedition of Columbus to America. IV expedition of Christopher Columbus (1502 -1504) May 9, 1502 flotilla of four ships and 150 crew company Columbus went west again. This time the situation was urgent. In the meantime, Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India around the African continent. Columbus urgently needed was a success proving that the road to the west is shorter, more comfortable and safer. Columbus's intention was to find the transition to water, which eventually took him to lead India. He expected to go to the west of Cuba. There was headed in his expedition. Flowing in this direction reached the coasts of Honduras and the Mosquito Coast on the east coast of Nicaragua. There, the natives learned about the â€Å"rich kingdoms† (Mayan civilization, and perhaps even the Inca Empire) and the â€Å"great sea† (Pacific Ocean), which lies further west, but despite strenuous attempts failed to find a water passage to the reservoir. Having lost two of the four ships, resigned to return to Cuba, then to Jamaica. There he was forced to settle the remaining ships aground. Materials originating in the damaged ships were used for the construction of fortified settlements. One of the companions of Columbus, Diego Mendez, the Indian boats set off for help survivors. But it was only after months wandering managed to get to Haiti, where he brought help. In the meantime Columbus was seriously ill and in such condition were transported him to Spain, where he arrived November 25, 1504. Summary of accomplishments of Christopher Columbus Given what Columbus has to say that the end of his life was tragic. After returning from the expedition moved to fourth place Vailadolid seriously ill, and having almost the status of a beggar. He died on May 20, 1506 was actually not knowing that he discovered America. He was convinced that came to Japan, to China, to India, and the mainland, which he saw during the third expedition he considered the biblical paradise. Meanwhile, the Portuguese and Spaniards, and realized that Columbus did not reach India, and discovered a new land. Another version of the last years of his life of Columbus presents a mysterious manuscript of Puri, according to which Columbus had died many years later and still take one-fifth trip to the West Indies. The authenticity of this source is given, however, questioned by most scholars Ferdinand Magellan (port. Fernao de Magalhaes, Spanish. Fernando de Magallanes, born. In the spring of 1480, as amended. April 27, 1521) – Portuguese sailor in the service of the Spanish maritime explorer and adventurer. He called the Pacific Ocean (Pacific). September 20, 1519 set out from Portugal by the western, or by the Atlantic Ocean to the Spice Islands in the Malay Archipelago. The expedition, which sailed under his command as the first circumnavigated the Earth. He died on April 27 killed by the inhabitants of the island of Mactan in the Philippine Archipelago Christopher Columbus (born 25 August or 31 October 1451 in Genoa (Italy) – died. May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, cat Cristofor Colom, owned by Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish. Cristobal Colon) – European sailor and navigator (probably Catalan by recent discoveries), captain of the expedition, which flowed on the three ships Santa Maria, Nina and Pinta under the flag of Castile in search of the western sea route to India, as the first in the history of geographical discoveries of modern beat tropical Atlantic Ocean and 12 October 1492 reached the West Indies (Antilles ) off the coast of America – the continent at that time unknown in Europe. Was appointed as admiral and made the first governor of the Spanish colonies in Central America, the organizer and master of four transatlantic discovery expeditions from Spain to America. Diaz used the discovery of Vasco da Gama. In 1497 another expedition was launched. Da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and headed towards Asia. Docked in the port of Calicut in India. Returned to the country in 1499 along with a large cargo of gold and spices. The country welcomed him enthusiastically. Maritime route to India became a reality. No wonder that the success of this expedition had a big impact naorganizowanie next. Henry the Navigator Portugal at least because of its location lent itself perfectly to the base for ocean expeditions. Despite the advantages of geographical location odegralaby probably not such a role in the great geographical discoveries, if not enthusiasm and dedication to Prince Henry (1394-1460) Henry called Sailor. After the conquest by the Portuguese in 1415 On the Moroccan coast Ceutry Henry was convinced that further expansion in Africa will bring great benefits. Counting on profits from trading gold, slaves, ivory, and pepper. With his support along the western coast of Cape Sangres organized a sort of database connection with the research center, where he collected all the geographical and navigational data and worked on the construction of sailing ships. For seventy years the Portuguese sailing ships were moving farther and farther south along the African coast, reaching successive headlands: Nun, Bojador, Blanco and 1445 Green Cape. During these expeditions the Portuguese discovered and colonized offshore islands and archipelagos – Madeira, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde. They assumed a fortified factories on the coast. And as it turned out that gold is less in Africa than they hoped, they took a more profitable procedere, the slave trade. EXPEDITIONS: WYPRARY PORTUGUESE: -Henry the Navigator – Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, crossed the equator in 1471r. , -Bartholomew Diaz – 1488r . – Busz Cape (Cape of Good Hope), Vasco da Gamma– the road to India along the coast of Africa (1497-1498), SPANISH EXPEDITION: Christopher Columbus – the discovery of America (12. 10. 1942r), Hispaniola (Haiti), Cuba and others (1492), Lesser Antilles, the Coast of Central America and South America (1493-1503); -Amerigo Vespucci – realized that America is a new continent (from his name, name); -Ferdinand Magellan – (1519-1522) circumnavigation of the Earth (Magellan Strait, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Borneo) – died in 1521r. In the Philippines, an expedition Sebastian del Cano finished; – Francis Drake (English) – and the circumnavigation of South America (the world); CIVILIZATIONS AND SOUTH CENTRAL AMERICA: Maya: V w. n. e. – The beginnings of civilization in the areas of Central America (Yucatan plw. ) with its capital in Majapan; Economy: -Wypaleniskowa (incandescent), -Grown: beans, wheat, -Craft, art, the pyramid; -Religion based on the sun-god cults, rites – human sacrifice; -Totalitarian power, absolute, hereditary; -The principal adviser to the ruler – the high priest; -Did not know the wheel or arc; -Calendar (365 days divided into 18 months); -Developed astronomy; -Know the time (to understand this concept) decimal system; Were aware of the layout of digits; The Aztecs: The thirteenth century – the beginnings of civilization in the areas of Mexico today, with its capital in Tenochtitlan; -Developed economy; -Grown: tomatoes, cotton, cocoa; -Money: cocoa beans or golden sand; -Tools more advanced than the Mayans; -Construction: the temples; -Ruler chosen from among the administrative units; -Bloody rituals, wor ship of the sun: 1489 – 250 thousand were killed. people as victims of ritual, such as skinned, pulling beating hearts; -Took over the Mayan calendar; Incas: Fifteenth century origins of civilization in the areas of Peru; -Cult of the sun and moon; -A highly developed economy, -Machu Picchu, -Crafts (ornaments of gold); -Totalitarian state, absolute power; -The interests of the subordinated interests of the state; -Residents could not travel to other parts of the country; Courier-Mail (16 thousand. Km of roads) Knotted-letter; -Developed surgery and herbal medicine, hypnosis; 1519r. – Hispanic – Cortez Aztec civilization znieszczenie; XVI – the destruction of the Incas – Izarro;

Social Performance and Social Influence

Social Performance and Social Influence Introduction Social performance is the study of how the presence of others affects behavior. At times, the mere presence of others can have a facilitating or motivating effect, improving performance. However, when others are present, people may also become hindered or less motivated. This class will explore how one's perception of others determines one's response. Hetherington, Anderson, Norton, and Newson (2003) explored how eating behavior is influenced when eating alone, with strangers, or with friends.Would you predict that eating with others has a facilitating effect, increasing food intake, or the opposite effect, decreasing the amount of food eaten? Research on social influence, which refers to how the attitudes and opinions of others influence one's attitudes and opinions, is one of the greatest contributions of social psychological research in understanding human behavior. This class focuses on two different types of social influence, one that serves to maintain group norms (social control: conformity and obedience) and the other that aims to change group norms (social change by minority influence and innovation).Social psychologist, Dr. Robert Cialdini has researched basic principles that govern how one person may influence another. You will read about these six principles in his 2002 article â€Å"The Science and Practice of Persuasion. † Social Performance Aristotle first called humans social animals. People tend to gather, play, and work in groups. Groups fulfill a variety of functions such as satisfying the need to belong, providing support and intimacy, and assisting in accomplishing tasks that individuals could not accomplish alone, etc.In Chapter 13 of the textbook, groups will be defined as two or more people working together on a task in which the outcome is quantifiable. This discussion will focus on two major areas that have been researched since the end of the 19th century: social facilitation and social loafing. Social Facilitation At first glance, these terms seem to be opposing behaviors: social facilitation refers to the fact that people work harder in groups, whereas social loafing describes their tendency reduce their efforts when in groups.The difference, it appears, is how people view the individuals in their groups–whether they perceive those in the group as being with them us or against them. If group members are against them, they perceive them as competitors, evaluators, or sources of comparison, which is likely to increase or facilitate their efforts. If they are with them, sharing in the demands of the task and evaluation, they are likely to â€Å"loaf† or reduce our efforts. These findings appear counterintuitive.Research on social facilitation began with Triplett (1989) who observed that cyclists pedaled faster, or performed better, when others were present than when performing alone. He argued that the other biker was a stimulus, arousing a competitive instinct in the cyclist. He tested his theory by asking children to wind fishing reels either alone or beside other children. The majority of the children turned the wheel faster when working alongside another child than when reeling alone. Allport (1924) termed this effect social facilitation.Still, it seemed that many disagreed about whether the presence of others increased or decreased performance on tasks. Zajonc (1965) renewed interest in social facilitation, and suggested that the presence of others enhanced a dominant response–which is the most probable response on a given task. If the task is simple and well-learned, the dominant response will be facilitated. For example, if you were a skilled concert pianist, performing in front of others would increase your proficiency on the task; you would play beautifully.Since you are not skilled at this art, being observed by others would no doubt cause anxiety and would result in quite the opposite effect, inhibit ing your performance. Zajonc was suggesting that the presence of others increases drive. Others were still arguing that it was the evaluation or the competition associated with others being present that produced the drive. Whether it was mere presence or evaluation apprehension that increased the drive, the drive theory remained the dominant thought of the time.Alternative approaches to social-facilitation effects fall into three classes: The first was the continued thought that the presence of others increases drive by evaluation apprehension. The second thought suggested that the situation places demands on the individual to behave in a particular way; individuals are engaged in self-presentation and self-awareness. The third idea argued that the presence of others affects focus and attention to the task, meaning that the task becomes cognitive. Hence, the controversy over whether it is the mere presence of others or evaluation that causes social facilitation is unresolved.Social Loafing Social facilitation research demonstrates that the presence of others sometimes enhances performance, yet at times reduces it. But, how does working with others affect motivation? Many would argue that groups should energize and motivate. The tendency for individuals to work less hard on a collective task than on an individual task is called social loafing. For example, those group projects at work or school where a few individuals did the majority of the work–social loafing.Research in this area has been conducted in a way that makes individuals believe that they are either working alone or working with others–then measures efforts toward the task. For example, Ringelmann (Kravitz & Martin, 1986) had volunteers pull on a rope as hard as they could in groups of varying sizes. Their efforts decreased as group sizes increased. This was explained in two ways: their motivation decreased as groups size increased or maybe the larger groups were not able to coordinate their efforts efficiently. Researchers sought to tease apart these two factors, focusing on motivation.You can imagine that it was difficult to devise methods that lead participants to believe they were either working alone (when they were not) or with others (when they were working alone), which lends to the difficulty of studying social loafing. However, over 100 studies (Steiner, 1972; Griffith, Fichman, & Moreland, 1989; Jackson & Williams, 1985; Henningsen et al. , 2000) have tested the effects of groups on motivation, and social loafing has been replicated in most of these studies. Other theories have attempted to explain social loafing.Social impact theory states that when a group is working together, the expectation is that the effort should be diffused across all participants, resulting in diminished effort. Arousal reduction postulates that the presence of others should increase drive only when they are observers and reduce our efforts when they are coworkers. Evaluation potential suggests that social loafing occurs because individual efforts are so difficult to identify during a collective task; one can easily hide in the crowd or may feel they will not be acknowledged for their hard work.Dispensability of effort argues that individuals may feel their efforts are unnecessary or dispensable. The group simply does not need them. An integrative theory: the collective effort model states that individuals will work hard on a task only to the degree to which they believe their efforts will be instrumental in leading to outcomes they value, personally. Hence, the value they place on the task (and their efforts) depends on their personal beliefs, task meaningfulness, favorable interactions with the group, the nature of the rewards, and the extent to which their future goals are impacted by the task.Social loafing can be moderated, or reduced, when individuals' efforts can be identified or evaluated, when individuals are working on a task they deem as impor tant or of personal relevance, or when individuals are working with cohesive groups or close friends. Individual differences or characteristics also influence who engages in social loafing less because they value collective outcomes. For example, a need for affiliation, a hard work ethic, or high self-monitoring can influence effort. It should be clear that the mere presence of others is arousing.It appears that if others are competitors or evaluators they facilitate motivation to work harder. If individuals see others as a part of themselves, they can hide behind them or their efforts can get lost in the efforts of others. Further research in this area can help us determine how our view of others affects our motivation and performance. Social Influence Processes of Control and Change Social influence is one of the primary research areas in social psychology and refers to the ways in which opinions and attitudes influence the opinions and attitudes of others.Two types of social infl uence can be identified in groups: influence aimed at maintaining group norms (social control) or changing group norms (social change). The most common form of social control is conformity, where an individual complies with or accepts the group's views. Since the influence is typically within a context of a group of people influencing an individual, it is referred to as majority influence. Another type of social control is obedience, where individuals obey an authority figure, often against their will.For group norms to change, a small subset of the group must resist the majority view, which is termed minority influence. If minorities never resisted, group opinions would persist, fashions would never change, innovations would not come about, etc. It must be clear that the term majority refers to the larger group of people who hold the normative view and has power over others. Minority groups tend to be small, hold nonnormative positions, and wield very little power.This study textbo ok is concerned with two influence processes: processes that ensure that others adhere to the group's position (social control; conformity and obedience) or processes that aim to change the group's position (social change: innovation and active minorities). Social influence has studied how individuals conform to the majority, often by giving an obvious erroneous response to a question. According to Festinger (1950, 1954), this occurs because there are social pressures for groups to reach consensus, especially when there is a group goal.Individuals seek social approval and seek others to verify their opinions. Deutsch and Gerard (1955) distinguish between normative social influence (conforming to expectations of others) and informational social influence (accepting information from the group as reality). Another view is that people conform over concerns for positive self-evaluations, to have good relationships with others, and to better understand a situation by reducing uncertainty. Social influence also addresses why people comply with acts that clearly cause harm to another.The study of obedience is intimately tied to one social psychologist–Stanley Milgram (1963). His post-WWII research aimed to understand why people willingly engaged in the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis. People probably preferred to believe these were evil, disturbed men who were intrinsically evil? However, many of them claimed they were not responsible for their behavior. After all, they were simply following orders. In Milgram's (1963) classic study, he led participants (who were assigned to be â€Å"teachers†) to believe they were administering harmful shocks to the â€Å"learners† each time they made an error on a task.The experimenter (the authority figure) demanded they increase the level of shock for each incorrect response. As shocks increased, the receiver (the learner, who was out of the sight of the teacher) responded with distressed reactions. Howeve r, the teacher was encouraged, even demanded, to continue the experiment, even though he believed the learner was experiencing extreme distress. The question was, to what extent normal people would obey the instructions of the authority figure and administer harmful levels of shock to harm another individual.Milgram's results showed that a full 65% of all participants administered every level of shock, surpassing levels believed to do fatal harm to subjects. Milgram's findings have been replicated with consistent results. Why did they obey? Milgram offered the following explanations: (a) they had entered into a contract with the experimenter and did not wish to spoil the experiment; (b) they were absorbed in the experiment and lost sight of the implications of their actions; (c) the participants are acting for the experimenter; they may be pushing the buttons, but they are not responsible, the experimenter is.Notice these are all situational explanations; participants were put into a powerful role relationship with the experimenter. However, when the experimenter was not visible, or another participant played the role of the experimenter, obedience rates decreased, but did not fall to zero, indicating the role relationship did not fully account for their obedience. Milgram's research remains some of the most intriguing and influential in social psychology. Minority InfluenceMoscovici's (1976) book Social Influence and Social Change, he argues that minorities can create conflict by offering a different perspective, thereby challenging the dominant or majority view. Moscovici claims that people trying to avoid conflict may dismiss the minority position, and possibly denigrate it. However, when the minority demonstrates commitment to their position, the majority may consider the minority view as a viable alternative. He called this the minority's behavioral style–meaning the way the message is organized and communicated.By standing up to the majority, the minority demonstrates that it is certain, confident, committed, and not easily persuaded. Researchers have compared majority and minority influence. Conversion theory is the dominant perspective and argues that all forms of influence, whether minority or majority, create conflict that individuals are motivated to reduce. However, people employ different processes depending on whether the conflict is the result of majority influence or minority influence. Comparison process suggests that people focus attention on fitting in, or complying with what others say.Their goal is to identify with the group and comply with the majority position, often times without examining the majority's arguments in detail. Social comparison can drive majority influence, but cannot motivate minority influence, according to Moscovici (1976), because people desire to disassociate themselves with undesirable groups. Because minority groups tend to be distinctive, they stand out, and this encourages a validati on process where some examine the judgments in order to confirm or validate them–to see what it is the minority saw or to understand the minority's view.This process can lead to increased message processing which results in an attitude change on an indirect, latent, or private level. Convergent-divergent theory is proposed by Nemeth (1986) and simply states that people expect to share the same attitude as the majority and to differ from the minority (the false-consensus heuristic). Stress is the result of realizing that the majority has a different perspective than oneself, especially if one is in the physical presence of the majority. Stress narrows one's attention and majority influence, and then leads to convergent thinking.Minorities, on the other hand, do not cause high levels of stress, since they hold different views, which allows for less restricted focus of attention and leads to a greater consideration of alternatives that may not have been considered without the in fluence of the minority view. This results in creative and original solutions. Other theories that integrate minority and majority influence include mathematical models, objective-consensus models, conflict-elaboration theory, context/comparison model, and self-categorization theory.More contemporary models include social-cognitive responses with an emphasis on information-processing such as the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model we discussed in an earlier chapter. New research continues to develop. Conclusion This module reviewed social psychological research that has made great contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Early research (e. g. , Triplett, 1898; Zajonc, 1965) led to the beginning of the relatively new field of social psychology.Research investigating social performance–whether performance is improved (social facilitation) or hindered (social loafing) by the presence of others became widely studied as researchers inquired about under what circumstances and what variables determined our response. Supplementary reading by Hetherington (2006) examined the effects of the presence of others on eating behavior. Milgram's (1963) research on obedience may be some of the most cited research in social psychology. Cialdini's contributions to the study of social influence (and social psychology in general) have been significant, as well.References Allport , F. (1924). The influence of the group upon association and thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 159-182. Cialdini, R. B. , & Goldstein, N. J. (2002). The science and practice of persuasion. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,43(2), 40-50. Deutsch, M. & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 629-636 Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57, 271-282.Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 337-360. Griffith, T. L. , Fichman, M. , & Moreland, R. L. (1989). Social loafing and social facilitation: An empirical test of the cognitive-motivational model of performance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 253-271. Henningsen, D. D. , Cruz, M. G. & Miller, M. L. (2000). Role of social loafing in predeliberation decision making. Group dynamics: Theory, research and practice, 4, 168-175. Hetherington, M. M. , Anderson, A. S. , Norton, G.N. M. , & Newson, L. (2006). Situational effects on meal intake: A comparison of eating alone with eating with others. Physiology & Behavior, 88, 498-505. Jackson, J. M. , & Williams, K. D. (1985). Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 937-942. Kravitz, D. A. & Martin, B. (1986). Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 936-941. Milgram, S. (1963 ). Behavioral study of obedience.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378. Moscovici, S. (1976). Social influence and social change. London, England: Academic Press. Nemeth, C. (1986). Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. Psychological Review, 93, 23-32. Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group processes and productivity. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Triplett, H. C. (1989). The dynamogenic factors in peacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9, 507-533. Zajonc, R. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.

Prominent Leader

A Prominent National Leader Of My Country As an initiator of sweeping reforms, Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad stands head and shoulders above his predecessors. The winds of change brought about by this tough leader have touched every aspect of Malaysian life, economic, social, political and cultural. Born in Alor Star on 20th December 1925, Dr Mahathir received is early education in Maktab Sultan Abdul Hamid. After completing his secondary education, he took up medicine at the King Edward VII College of Medicine in the University of Singapore and graduated with an MBBS degree in medicine.Even in his student days, Dr Mahathir was an active UMNO member. In 1964, he became the Member of Parliament for Alor Star and this marked his entry into the political arena. He held a member of portfolios before becoming the Prime Minister. Among them were his appointment as the Minister of Education and as the Minister of Trade and Industry. After a short period as the Deputy Prime Minister, he finally to ok over the reins of the government on 16th July 1981. During his contract as the premier, the country has undergone a complete transformation.Upon taking office as Prime Minister, he restored the whole political machinery to make it more dynamic and effective. The most notable achievement in the political arena is the corporatization of government agencies to cut the government’s operation costs and to generate more revenue. Among the many policies he has introduced is the Look East Policy, where Malaysian were urged to emulate the work ethics of the success oriented Japanese and Koreans. A realistic leader, Dr Mahathir imagined that Malaysia could attain the status of a developed nation only if there was a switch from the agriculture-based economy to an industrial one.In 1991, he announced his most ambitious vision, the Vision 2020 as a roadmap to a fully developed country. The Mahathir era is marked with numerous notable achievements. The introduction of the countryâ€℠¢s first national car, the Proton Saga followed by the Perodua Kancil; the building of a new airport in Sepang, reputedly the largest in the Asia Pacific region; the building of the Formula One racing circuit and the building of the Petronas Twin Towers the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 until surpassed by Taipei 101, but remain the tallest twin buildings in the world. are al feather in his cap of success. In 1999, the government moved to the new administrative capital, Putrajaya. In the international arena too, Dr Mahathir has left his mark. Open and outspoken by nature, his strong attack on the imcompetence and inaction of world bodies have won him both international praise as well as criticism. Tun Dr. Mahathir stepped down as Prime Minister on 31 October, 2003. Dr. Mahathir has done the nation proud and there is no doubt that he will go down in the annals of Malaysian history as the Father of Modernization.

Adult Program Design Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult Program Design Part II - Essay Example But the systems in every business also need to be audited in terms of their suitability and credibility. Before a business can be audited, it is wise to construct an audit design that will aid in the process of audit and not only look at the existing flow of transactions and their recording and reporting on financial statements and other records, but also recommend improvements and needed changes that will serve in terms of clarity, veracity and meet the laws and principles of the land. In this assignment we are going to design tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, and analytical procedures for the acquisition and payment of the business called Apollo Shoes. The Acquisitions and Payments Process at Apollo Shoes It Is evident that we can only design an audit procedure or process around the existing flow of transactions and their processes at Apollo Shoes. Only in the case of massive fraud or circumstances warranting a detailed investigation would the complete revamping of existing procedures be understandable. According to the present Accounting and Control Procedure Manual as indicated in the Case Study details, all cash disbursements /payments are made by check, signed by the Treasurer, including those for petty cash transactions. Checks are always made out to a defined payee, never to cash. Blank checks remain in the custody of the Accounts Payable Department and the treasurer is not allowed to sign blank checks. Additionally, we see that checks are recorded in the cash disbursements journal using the date of the check, and in the general journal using the month of the check as a factor for recording these entries. Internal Control Procedures While it appears from the case study material especially the accounting and control procedure manual that some degree of internal control has been maintained over cash disbursements/ payments process, there are a few comments to be made. One factor is the separation of ownership and control. Since the tre asurer himself signs most of the checks, he can very well make them out to a fictitious vendor and then pocket the money himself after opening up an account in that name. The case of Comptronix as reported in Chapter 19 of the text indicates that collusion between unscrupulous individuals even in top management is not unheard of (Arens et al., 2006). Enron is another case in point. Secondly, the recording of transactions as per date made out on the check leaves some room for error and can result in reconciliation difficulties with the bank statement, as this is a common practice with nearly every business. It is better if a simple chronological order is followed date-wise in recording every transaction of whatever nature so that there is no ambiguity on this account. Concerning the purchase of fixed assets, the approval for the same is usually made in advance by top management. This ensures that they have approved the purchase. Budgetary allocation of funds is also evident, and all excesses of 10% or above to be signed off by the Treasurer. Payments once again are to be made by check. The automatic treatment of fixed assets of value of $5,000 and above as capital expenditure is questionable, and should be looked at on a case to case basis. Assessing Risk Factors Connected with the Acquisitions and Payment Process The risk factor involved due to concentration of the signing of all checks by the Treasurer has been indicated above. It is better that a combination of two signatures be required on every disbursed check. One can be the Head of Department or VP of the section of the business to which the check pertains, and the other would be the Treasurer. The

Triumph of Christianity Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Triumph of Christianity - Speech or Presentation Example Against this backdrop, it is now possible to present a better picture of Christianity as a religion and its triumphant rise in a manner acceptable to a majority of historians. The Impact of Christianity Tracing the history of the triumph of Christianity means a relook at the manner in which it threw off the restraints of the Roman Empire to become the dominant religion of the Roman Empire, which brought about a marked and fundamental change in the Greco-Roman values that existed at that time. Some historians attribute the rise of the Christianity as a factor that led to the fall of the great Roman Empire. This argument is buttressed by the fact that the polytheistic official religion followed in all of Rome that included Mars the God of War and Jupiter Optimus Maximus to a very large extent were the buttress on which the power of the Roman Emperors rested. The emergence of Christianity as the religion of Rome removed this buttress, reducing the power of the Emperors of Rome, leading to its downfall (Duker & Spielvogel, 2007). The Beginning of Christianity There are many mysteries and enigmas that shroud the birth and life of the founder of Christianity Jesus Christ. The finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls has added another chapter to these mysteries and enigmas in the form of the Essenes. The Jews has become a divided house prior to Judea becoming a part of the Roman Empire. This lack of unity led to Judea becoming a part of the Roman Empire. The Roman rule only added to the further divisions among the Jews and the rise of Jewish sects. The Essenes were one such sect that came into being in the first century before Christ. Similarities and beliefs and practices of early Christians are seen that include baptism and leading to speculation that the Essenes provide the missing link between the development of religious ideas between Judaism and Christianity. Leaving these speculations aside, Christianity did have a humble beginning and the teaching of its founder Jesus Christ was so profound that it not just attracted the Jewish people, but spread beyond Judea to other parts of the world (Strauss, 1984). The Rise and Triumph of Christianity During his life time it was the miracles that he performed that made the most noise and attracted followers to him. Subsequent to his death, the miracles remained as embers, but it was then that his teachings and mystical powers emerged to become the focus of attraction for conversion to Christianity (Stalker, 2003). To the Jewish people the attraction lay in the teachings of Jesus Christ brought a fresh breathe against the dominance of the High Priests, the Scribes and the Pharisees in Jewish religious thought. The Roman conquest of Greece and the Mediterranean region had brought the Roman people in contact with mystery religions. Romans were beginning to adopt ideas and practices outside of the Roman religion and mystery religions were an attractive proposition. The miracles that Jesus Christ performed, the m ysterious that surrounded his death and resurrection as spread by his disciples were a strong attraction for the Romans (Brodd, 2003). Christianity offered more than just mystery for the Romans. The founder was not a myth and the religious thought

'The Secret Garden' by Frances Hodgson Burnett, it is frequently said, Essay

'The Secret Garden' by Frances Hodgson Burnett, it is frequently said, shows us the triumph of patriarchy. To what extent is this statement valid - Essay Example Mary is sent to live temporarily at the English clergyman, Crawford's house until she was to travel to her uncle in England. It seems Mary is passed from one patriarch to another in a patriarchal world. Basil Crawford acts like a young patriarch by singing and leading the other children to sing a rhyme to make fun of Mary and bully her. Mary goes to live at her uncle Archibald's Misselthwaite Manor, where the staff relate stories about Archibald's patriarchy. Mrs. Medlock, Archibald's housekeeper, tells Mary that she sacrificed attending her niece's wedding because she wanted to keep her job and 'do at once what Mr. Archibald Craven told her to do. She never dared ask a question.' (Burnett 1994). Mary is introduced to the patriarchal world of Archibald. Martha, the maid, reveals that the secret garden used to be the lovers' paradise that only Mr. and Mrs. Craven were allowed to access.. The secret garden is an enclosed space that symbolises the woman's space that is sharply defined away from the man's space. (Knauss 1987). Archibald appreciated the honor of sharing in it. He understood that it was his wife's sanctuary in her male dominated world of patriarchy. He allowed it when she was alive. After her death, Archibald felt helpless and needed to regain some control. The secret garden is opened with a symbolic key . This key denotes power and understanding. When Mrs. Craven died, Archibald does not understand his grief. He hides the key because he desires to exert his power through his patriarchy, which keeps his staff subdued and powerless. (Russell 2002). Martha's mother, Mrs. Sowerby, understands the need for a lonely female to do some gardening. She predicts correctly that Mary might like to do some gardening of her own. The garden is viewed as a type of female utopia where the female has her own private domain to rule. (Qian Ma 2004). Mary may not understand the psychology behind her action and none of this explanation is necessary in this work as it belongs to 'children's literature. Burnett uses an older or adult character (Martha) to explain the difficult concepts in the story in a simple way. Martha helps Mary to settle into Misselthwaite Manor by making her as comfortable as possible in Archibald's patriarchal household. Even the male gardener, Ben Weatherstaff, exercised his own ai r of patriarchy when he deliberately avoids her. Although Mary has a higher social status than himself, he is not a servant to 'be merely commanded by them (members of his employer's family) to do things'. (Burnett 1994). However, Ben is subject to his employer, Archibald's patriarchy, which rules over his own.Archibald finally consents to see Mary only after Mrs. Susan Sowerby talks to him about it. This is evidence that Archibald is a flexible patriarch who listens to advice. He is kind to Mary and readily gives her permission to do and have what she likes. Archibald does not seem to be a triumphant patriarch who gives orders to his charge. Mary observes that 'he is really a nice man, only his face is so miserable and his forehead is all drawn together.' Mary loves her secret garden. The secret garden with its isolation is a sign of rebellion against the surroundings of patriarchy. (Abalos 2002). She is under the control of her uncle, who exerts secondary control over her by his orders to his servants. Mary complained that she has nothing to do and nothing

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Will be provide - Essay Example The steady-state gain and the time constant were determined by performing two trials using variant voltage inputs in the step input part of the experiment. The time constants for the first and the second trial were 0.196s and 0.176s respectively. Through dividing the change in the output voltage by the input voltage, the steady-state gain was determined. The relationship or connection between the natural frequency and the damping ratio could be seen in the position control section of the experiment. There was an increase in the natural frequency and a decrease in the damping ratio as the error feedback increased. When a comparison of the observed data was made to the theoretically obtained values, the difference was approximately double. When the error feedback was more that 90%, the system seemed unstable. Upon the introduction of tacho feedback, while keeping the error feedback constant, a significant increase in the damping ratio was observed. The system was damped and indicated a faster response with the tacho feedback. The experiment proved to be so useful as it enabled the observation of characteristics and relationships of the servo-motor control though the theoretical values differed slightly with the experimental values Calculations involving the steady-state parameters were done in the initial experiment. The tachogenerator and motor speed gains were determined by plotting graphs of tachogenerator voltage vs. motor speed and motor speed vs. input voltage. Tachogenerator gain was found to be 1.6579 V/(rad/s) with the motor speed recording a 12.564 (rad/s)/ V gain. An analysis of graph 4.4.1.2 and Graph 4.4.1.1 depicted a constant linear relationship. With increasing motor speed, the voltage of the tachogenerator increased. An increase in the input voltage also led to an increase in the motor speed. The graphs 4.4.1.3 and graph 4.4.1.4 showed the plot of feedback pot and position pot against the servo angle. The plot of feedback pot

Shipping Logistics in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shipping Logistics in the UK - Essay Example Data for the research will be gathered from both primary and secondary data where all participants will be selected randomly to reduce biasness in the research. Questionnaires will be used to help in data collection where telephone interviews will be used to help reduce cost of travelling. After data has been collected it will be analyzed using computer programs such as Ms. Excel and SPSS and presented using tables and graphs. Confidentiality will be observed as a strategy for enforcing ethics sin research. Background of the Research The term shipping has changed from what it was associated with in the past to include any form of transport moving goods from one point to another (Lun, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p. 12). Previously, the term the term was associated with water borne transport. Consequently this extended meaning makes the industry a complex and dynamic. Logistics is described as the management of the flow of commodities from the point of production to target point with an aim o f meeting the needs of customers and companies. Logistics calls for assimilation of information, inventory, transportation, warehousing, handling and packaging of materials and security of the goods. According to Fremont (2009, p. 1), for the last 50 years, containerization has turned into the prop of globalization. Additionally, this period has seen increased international trade and consequently this calls for efficient shipping logistics. Companies and businesses demand for better synchronized shipping activities in terms of location and space by development of logistics chains. The total value of the UK logistics industry was $105.7 billion in 2010 having grown by 9.9 percent in the 2009-10 fiscal years. This sector employs thousands of people and supports a significant proportion of the country’s economy. However, the sector is facing various constrains which may impede the efficient discharge of its responsibilities to different stakeholders. One primary concern in the s ector is the security threats caused by pirates and increased terrorism cases (Askins, 2012, p. 15). The other issue facing the UK shipping sector is that fact that with enlargement of European Union, competition has increased with the newer member states to the EU who have lower operational costs. Moreover, in the late 1990s, there was increased demand for bigger containers and tanker ships overstretched the capacity of the available ports thereby impeding trade. In light of these developments in this sector, it is critical to carry out a research into the shipping logistics in UK to understand the processes and procedures implemented by different companies to ensure smooth trade between UK and other countries. Aim and Objectives of the Research The aim of this research is to understand shipping logistics in United Kingdom; the process, procedures and policies that control shipping in UK. Moreover, the research will help understand any impediments to the shipping logistics in UK an d the problems faced by shippers in UK in relation to other shippers in the European Union. Objectives of the research 1. To find the security issues facing shippers in UK 2. To assess handling of goods at the port in UK 3. To investigate whether there is adequate capacity for shipping in UK Justification of the research Findings from this research will be help regulatory authorities make better informed decisions on

Mega project. Toronto, Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mega project. Toronto, Canada - Research Paper Example Historically, employment activity is conducted in the area being part of a larger precinct. It is along rail corridors designated as Employment areas in the City of Toronto Official Plan and Zoning By-law No. 438-86. The proponent submitted the application to amend the City of Toronto Official Plan to convert the industrial property in question into a residential property in June 28, 2005. The applicant asked the City Council to amend the former City of Toronto Zoning By-law No. 438-86 in order to convert the industrial property into residential. It argued that it is consistent with the Provincial Policy Statement related to employment areas and permission for conversion of lands within the designation as long as a proposal provides a comprehensive review that there is a need for conversion. The proposal argued that the â€Å"existing uses have coexisted with nearby residential uses for decades,† (Lintern, p 7). The proposal was supported in part by residents who attended a community meeting in October 24, 2005. It also proposed that the amendment will contribute to the City’s housing supply. The Office of the Director for Community Planning in Etobicoke York District disagreed and recommended for the refusal of the said proposal. Others who opposed the proposal include local industries Canada Bread, NRI Industries, St. Mary’s Cement, and Topper Linen Supply Limited. The industries mentioned argued about the possible impacts to their operations about the proposed amendment of the property into a residential one. Aside from the proposal’s failure to pass the two tests necessary as part of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) which should justify that the land will no longer have a role for employment purposes in the long term as well as provide enough ground for the need t convert the area into a residential one. In addition, the following were

Urban Planning Essay Example for Free

Urban Planning Essay In his book Urban Geography, Michael Pacione, discusses the â€Å"Future City-Cities of the Future†. In his analysis there are several principles that must be included in the future city in order for it to strive and be successful, â€Å"by 2025 65 percent of the world’s population will be in urban areas† (Pacione 2005) The need for the city of the next 100 years to be sustainable in all aspects is paramount for its success and its citizens to live in peace and harmony. The factors that will play a large part in deciding the fate of our future cities are addressing population growth, the economics of cities, or making cities economically competitive, the effective managing and creation of various modes of transportation and mobility and managing the largest pollutant most inefficient parts of of our cities: buildings. All while maintaining high ecological and environmental standards including proper reduction and disposal of waste . The city of the next 100 years must be successful in managing the impacts of all of these stated areas. I will highlight current cities that are struggling with some of these areas and what must be done for the future to prepare for the next century. I. Population There is wave of urban migration and population explosion particularly in 3rd-world nations. The projection of future growth in Lagos, Nigeria from the current city to the future city is projected to put Lagos as the 3rd largest city in 2015 behind Tokyo and Bombay. (Lagos State Government 2011) To stem and manage such growth city planners and local authorities must be diligent. Below is a picture of the daily traffic in the main city center, this is an example of the current situation when unfettered growth and poor or lack of planning are present. While this may be an extreme example two of the projected largest cities by 2015 are both located in developing nations-Lagos being one of them and Bombay in India the other. The basic needs of the population must be met for these cities to become prosperous for its own success and for its inhabitants. With such large masses of population of people located in nations that currently have challenges handling the basic needs of its people the challenge will be to grow while still addressing these concerns. The solution to this problem of massive population growth and how to sustainability-as a city develop and grow can be found from William Rees from the University of British Columbia. He and his team have developed an ecological footprint analysis which can be used to gauge and measure whether the current natural environment can sustain the growing population. In short, breaking down the consumption of what people use into five categories: food, housing, transportation, consumer goods and services. In addition, there are also land-use categories: fossil energy land, consumed land, food land and forest land. While I will not recite the entire analysis, what is important that can be extracted from this is the characteristics of sustainable future cities, as it relates to population growth. Preserving natural capital, minimizing the ecological footprint (this can include mixed-use development, 3-4 story apartment buildings along commercial streets). (Walker, Lyle and Rees, William 1997) II. Buildings Building and how we are currently operating them in the United States alone account for 40 percent of all energy consumption. The city of New York alone emits more greenhouse- gases, more automobile exhaust and more trash per square foot, than any other U.S. city. (Fettig 2006) In the future city of the next 100 years energy consumption of buildings must drastically be reduced. While there are some new groundbreaking solutions such as The United States Green Building Council that have developed a system of measuring energy consumption of building and providing a rating as to the effectiveness and usefulness of its energy consumption and sustainability. While this may be a great start and possibly a platform or model for future development it is simply not enough. The high cost for seeking the highest standard for Existing Buildings –Platinum has pushed many building owners away from this concept. The sustainability of buildings is not only defined as installing solar panels on the roof or collecting rain water it must start with the design of our work places and homes. It’s changing how we live, how we work, architects must have knowledge not only of the aesthetic but knowledge and understanding of maintaining a high level of efficiency and sustainability. The buildings of the city can and must be an ecological master of sustainability. How we construct our buildings currently are: â€Å"the best possible product at the cheapest possible cost.† (Fettig 2006) An example of this is the construction of federal buildings across the U.S.- most of our federal buildings are large blocks of concrete with little or no efficiency or aesthetic value. The General Services Administration is the branch of government which is responsible for the construction, development and managing all federal buildings. They are the largest developer and manager of commercial space in the US. (Fettig 2006) Recently, efforts led by architect Thom Mane of Los Angeles, he was tasked with developing the San Francisco federal building located at 7th Street and Mission Ave. The building is constructed with no central air conditioning, the building is naturally ventilated. The elevators strop on every 3rd floor with stairs for use between floors. There are no corner offices/edge offices. In addition, there is mostly all natural light only. Below is rendering of the building. While the building may not be the standard from a perspective of beauty or function it mixes both the architectural form and user function and efficiency that his necessary for buildings for the future city of the next 100 years. III. Economic Competitiveness of the City. â€Å"Environmental quality is often cited as a goal that stands in opposition to economic activity. (Skinner 1997) The thinking that sustainability and environmental awareness stifles economic growth is a great myth in this county. The two can go hand in hand, and must do so for cities to grow its local businesses, create jobs for its residents, while also maintaining a high quality of life for the residents of the city. The Porter Model highlights four areas that a businesses must maintain in a city for it to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Having a strategic location, local market demand, and integration with regional clusters and utilizing human resources. (Porter 1990) For the next-century city the local businesses must play an important factor in creating jobs within the inner city that will attract residents and help create a better quality of life. Skinner maintains that â€Å"local governments have large-broad powers to regulate businesses and they various types that are allowed to operate, therefore allowing more sustainable and environmentally-friendly industries into the city.† Various particular local examples of this in the region of S. Florida is in the city of Boca Raton. The city has created a local city organized group called Boca Raton Green Partners. The makeup of the group that meets monthly are local businesses committed to sustainable practices and reviews methods that city can take and policies they can recommend to foster a practice of sustainability for the residents and businesses. The state of Florida also has a rebate program for residents to install solar panels on their homes and businesses. Residents can be reimbursed up to 20, 000 for homes and up to 100, 000 for businesses against the cost of installation. This in effect also created hundreds of local jobs for contractors and businesses this may be somewhat viewed as a public/private partnership. Environmental quality and economic vitality can be viewed as a singular entity that can fully support each other for the city to usher into the next 100 years and truly be a future city. IV. Transportation The above picture speaks volumes about the traffic problems most current cities face everyday. Smog, congestion, traffic noise, are just a few of the health consequences of our reliance of cars and the use of fossil fuels. When looking at transportation and the city it is not a one size fits all solution. There must be many options for residents and creating â€Å"accessibility rather than mobility.† (Fettig 2006) Some of the problems current cities face is large investments in highways and roads. For many years local and regional official’s solution for solving the traffic problem was building more roads. Within the city the use the public transportation is the most effective and environmentally-conscious way of mobility. While this is nothing new to many readers what may surprise is that in some cities like Paris, France the local government is taking an active role in reducing the number of cars on roads. There has been a push for residents to use more public bikes, roads have been removed and trains or trams created in their places. These simple steps have allowed public transportation to move 3-4 more times the people on the same road previously used by cars. (Fettig 2006) The goal of the city is to reduce pollutants by 40 percent by the year 2020. By building a city non-reliant on the car for mobility not only will you generate less pollutants in the atmosphere but also a higher quality of life for residents. In conclusion, the future city of the next 100 years has many challenges it faces. But these challenges can also be viewed as opportunities for innovation and change that can bring forth lasting economic and environmental benefits. By addressing these four main points: population growth, building efficiency, economic competitiveness of cities and transportation and mobility the city can be primed for the next 100 years. Works Cited E2. Directed by Tad Fettig. Produced by Elizabeth Westrate. 2006. Lagos State Government. November 30, 2011. http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/index.php?page=subpagespid=12mnu=null (accessed November 2011). Pacione, Michael. Urban Geography, Ch. 30 The Future of the City-Cities of the Future. Routledge, 2005. Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Chap. 3, 69-130. McMillian, 1990. Skinner, Nancy. Economic Development as a Path to Sustainability. In Eco City Dimensions, 66-79. New Society Publishers, 1997. Walker, Lyle and Rees, William. Urban Density and Ecological Footprints. In Eco City Dimensions, 96-112. New Society Publishers, 1997.

Numbing Creams for Tattoos

Numbing Creams for Tattoos Some tattoo artists will say no. Others will say yes. There are many factors to consider when getting a tattoo and obviously the amount of pain you must go through for that tattoo will vary. Old school tattoo artists are of the mind, that you must earn your tattoo with the pain you go through to get the tattoo. This is a pretty outdated way of thinking. Many factors play into how much a tattoo will hurt. One important factor is where the tattoo will be located on your body. Areas such as the outer arms, outer legs, upper back and upper chest are not very painful for tattooing. Other areas such as the lower back, inside the arms, or legs, near elbows and knees, along the spine, along the ribs, the lower front torso are all considered to be more painful areas. The feet and ankles are definitely more painful than other areas. This applies also to inside the wrist and hands. Best Practices Effective Pain Management For Botox Patients Since first introduced to the medical community in 1989, as a treatment for eye muscle disorders, administering of Botulinum Toxin Type A: Botox and similar neurotoxin injectables, has now become the most popular non-invasive aesthetic medical procedure performed worldwide. However, as physicians strive to make aesthetic medicine procedures more comfortable for their patients, a cold war of sorts has emerged regarding the use of topical anesthetic and ice during injectable procedures. Through a survey of expert practitioners the following best practices for the use of topical anesthetic and ice emerges. The critical factor to minimizing discomfort and bruising is technique. However, based on a patients tolerance, topical anesthetic can be used to minimize, but not extinguish, the pain associated with subcutaneous injections. Ice is generally considered the best tool to minimize bruising. Other tools in the physician arsenal to minimize pain are size of needle (32 gauge is recommended) and ensure minimal volume is injected (e.g. dilute the Botox at 2.5 cc per bottle =4u/.1 cc). Finally, for a select group of physicians and patients, ice and topical anesthetic completely take a back seat to a gentle hand. Best numbing cream How Much Does it Cost to Remove a Tattoo? We are all taught that tattoos are forever so you should be darn sure that the tattoo design your are getting inked on your skin that you will be able to live with it for the rest of your life. With that being said the above statement isnt necessarily true. Tattoos in a sense are forever but if you have the money and can endure the pain of getting a tattoo removed by a laser you can always go down the route. However, getting a tattoo removed by a laser doesnt always mean your tattoo will be gone forever. You can develop some scarring where the tattoo was and more than likely you will be able to still faintly see the tattoo, not unless you get it covered up with another tattoo. But if that is the case make sure you dont make the same mistake again and be 200% sure that the new tattoo design you are getting is something you can live with for the rest of your life. The tattoo removal business is ironically booming right now. So you should not have a hard time finding a facility to remove your unwanted tattoo. Now for the facts about laser tattoo removal. Insurance will not pay for these procedures and one session will not make your tattoo mistake go away. Often it takes up to 8 to 12 very painful sessions to complete the tattoo removal process. Now for the cost, it typically cost anywhere from $50 to $100 per square inch of course some places charge more. If you want numbing cream to help with the pain that is an extra $75 per session. Also if you tattoo is colored you will be charge more as well as colored tattoos are harder to get rid of. Lastly, you have to wait 8 to 12 weeks between sessions. So the moral of this story is, dont make the tattoo mistake in the first place. Think long and hard about your tattoo design and the location you want your tattoo and stay away from lovers names. Its best to keep the its forever in your mind. Numbing cream for piercings and tattoos How Much Does It Hurt To Get A Tattoo? Pain is part of getting a tattoo. For some people the pain is even an important part of the experience because it allows them to more fully connect with their physical existences. Regardless of your attitude about the pain of the tattooing process, you are certainly interested in how much it will hurt as you anticipate your first tattoo. The first thing for you to understand is that pain is subjective. This means that people feel pain in different ways and cope with it according to their own abilities. For example, if you are particularly worried and nervous about pain, then you are preparing your brain to interpret the pain in a strongly negative way. You may have heard of people referring to their pain tolerance. Some people say they have a high tolerance to pain and others are quite aware that they have a low tolerance for pain. Much of your tolerance for pain will derive from your mental preparation for the experience and your acceptance that getting the tattoo will hurt. Painless tattoos The Secret of Painless Tattoos Have you ever dreamed about making a tattoo? Surely, you have had a desire to decorate your body with an interesting and meaningful picture, but you hesitated. Now you have such an opportunity! Nowadays in order to apply a tattoo it is not always necessary to visit a tattoo salon, it is enough to use the possibilities of such graphic editor as Adobe Photoshop. It offers you a way to change your photo image without any pain and without breaking your moral and aesthetic principles. It allows to apply pictures, preserving the skin structure and the treatment of light and shade, thanks to its special tools. Besides, this program can help you to play a trick on your friends! You just apply a tattoo on your photo and everybody will believe, that it is realistic. Strongest topical anesthetic Laser Skin Treatment Removes Acne Scars For those with very severe acne who may not want to risk the side effects of Accutane there are acne laser treatments available. These treatments can be very expensive but can be very effective in treating the worst cases of acne. There are 2 popular types of lasers used in treating acne: Best tattoo numb Getting Your First Tattoo? Getting your first tattoo is not the same as getting your first hair cut. Both may be for vanitys sake but with a tattoo, pain accompanies it. Pain is relative. It really varies from one person to another. But there are other people who have a low pain threshold. Many who are contemplating to get a tattoo ask most about the pain. The degree of pain is often times the issue. How much does it hurt? Cream that numbs skin Laser Treatment to Zap Acne Scars Many innovations have been made in recent years towards healing acne scars and removing acne itself, including Smoothbeam laser treatment. These lasers have been very effective in not only temporarily removing acne, but most importantly eliminating acne scars, which can often remain permanently even after acne is no longer a major problem! While there are tons of methods and products available for getting rid of acne, the scars that are left are often a much tougher problem, so this kind of innovation is a welcome treat for acne sufferers. Cream that numbs the skin Painful Tattoo Places Useful Information! While getting tattooed is always somewhat painful, some places will hurt more than others. Read this to find out where the most painful tattoo places are. Getting tattooed on areas where there are lots of nerves, little fat and where the bone is close to the skin, will hurt more than other places with more padding. Here is a list of some of the most painful tattoo places: Behind the ear: Many people get tattoos behind the ear. This is a very painful place to get tattooed, because of the many nerves and little padding. People are often surprised of how painful these tattoos can be. The good thing about these tattoos, is that there is not much room there so the tattooing process wont last that long. Ankles: Many women get ankle tattoos. These are sexy and cute and nice to show off in the summer. Because of the little padding, these tattoos can hurt a lot as well. Toes: A popular place for women to get tattooed is on their toes. As with ankle tattoos, these are nice to show off in the summer, but are also one of the most painful tattoo places because of the near bones. Toe tattoos are obviously quite small though so getting the tattoo wont take that long. Ribs: This is one of the most painful places to get a tattoo, especially if youre a skinny person. Some other painful tattoo places include the lips, back of the neck, lower back and obviously the pubic area. The tolerance level of people vary greatly though, so getting tattoos on typical painful tattoo locations may not be that big of a problem. The pain factor also depends on the tattoo artist, since the distance and speed of the needle can vary. Benzocaine cream Benzocaine is a broadly used local anesthetic often used in various forms and preparations of topical pain relievers. It is widely available as topical creams, but can also be found as sprays, oral gels, capsules among other forms. Benzocaine eases pain by blocking sodium from passing electrical signals to the pain receptors which trigger the sensation of pain. It also discovers use as a fish tranquilizer, as part of anti-inflammatory drugs and even as an essential component in certain desensitizing condoms. Best numbing cream for tattoos Dr. Numb is a Numbing Anesthetic Cream Dr. Numb is a NON-OILY topical anesthetic cream(creme) that contains purest Lidocaine and Prilocaine, the highest amount allowed by Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Numb is the only water-based numbing cream on the market. Dr. Numb doesnt interfere with the ink or the skins elasticity, making it safe to reduce the GREAT PAIN of Tattooing, Body Piercing, Laser Tattoo Removal, Laser Hair Removal, Waxing, Permanent Cosmetics and other Minor Surgical Procedures. Dr. Numb is voted as the #1 numbing creams by tattoo artists and cosmetic professionals around the world. Topical anaesthetics Many alternatives to deliver anesthesia have developed over the last decades. Dispensation of topical anesthetic to manage pain associated with procedures such as laceration repair may avoid the need for infiltrative local anesthesia injections and associated pain from the injections. Topical anesthetic also keeps away from the risk of wound margin distortion that exists with infiltrative injection administration. Countless dosage forms exist (eg, gels, sprays, creams, ointments, patches) and provide the clinician with accurate options for application under a variety of circumstances. Topical anesthetics reversibly block nerve transmission near their site of administration, thereby producing temporary loss of sensation in a limited area. Nerve signal conduction is blocked by decreasing nerve cell membrane permeability to sodium ions, possibly by challenging calcium-binding sites that control sodium permeability. This change in permeability takes part in decreased depolarization and a n increased excitability threshold that, eventually, prevents the nerve action potential from forming. Dr. numb] In 1989, Dr. Brian Smith, at the New York Childrens hospital, was faced with a dilemma of children that had certain conditions such as mitrovalve disorder. With these conditions, it is prohibited to administer general anesthetics to put them to sleep before surgery. Therefore, Dr. Brian and his team made a historic discovery of the first numbing cream that is strong enough to do open surgery without pain. Over the years, the cream was perfected and took on the official name of Dr. Numb. Now, Dr. Numb is being used worldwide in different industries, such as: in professional sports, cosmetics, laser industry, waxing industry, immunization industry and tattoo industry. Dr Numb is the strongest skin numbing cream in the market today. Through the years, it has proven effective in minimizing the pain that comes with surgical procedures. It is also a favorite companion of laser treatments, tattooing, body waxing. Dr Numb numbing cream is very effective in numbing the skin for preparation in any type of procedure. Dr. Numb is proven to numb the skin for more than three hours. It is easy to apply and releases the numbing effect for at least three hours. Tattoo cream numb Before You Get a Tattoo A tattoo is forever. If you decide that you want a tattoo, know exactly what you want before you find a studio. After you have decided, you will need to find the right artist to do the work. Choose someone with a good reputation or someone whose work you have seen on your friends or other people. Remember, just because a tattoo parlor is in business doesnt mean it is maintaining safety and sterility precautions. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that gangrene, syphilis, tuberculosis and HIV are just a few diseases you could contract from contaminated instruments. To avoid these risks, ask to see a state license and accreditation from The Alliance of Professional Tattooing (or a similar organization). Look for basic equipment like germicidal soap, needle buckets, proper disposal containers, packaged gauze with the sterility intact and disposable gloves. The studio should also be equipped with an autoclave, a device that pressurizes instruments and kills viruses or bacteria. Finally, look for single-use or disposable needles (single-use are preferred). What to Look for The analgesic cream 14 is the preferred method used according to patentstorm.us. This cream includes an analgesic ingredient (with about 5-15wt% of analgesic concentrations, compared to the 10-60wt% of the standard analgesic range). The analgesic cream 14 also has an anti-inflammatory ingredient, such as aloe vera gel, which is about 50wt% of the cream, and has either a small amount or no capsaicin ingredients that would irritate the skin. Other main ingredients include the linoleic ester concentration (1-10 wt-%) and methyl salicylatem (10%), with the rest of the ingredients being at about 5 wt-%, or at the usual range for creams. Best numbing cream for waxing Reduce waxing pain? Yes you can! The first time getting waxed in an area hurts the most and does get less painful each time after. Hard to believe when your hair has just been ripped out for the first time, but its true. Dr.numb review What is Dr. Numb? Dr. Numb contains lidocaine, medications that have been used for many years as anesthetics in medical and dental offices. Dr. Numb contains these medications in a cream form and is used as a numbing cream that would numb the skin. For example, when getting a tattoo you will feel no pain . Pain is caused by the stimulation of pain receptors at the ends of nerves. The stimulation causes sodium to enter the nerve ending, which causes an electrical signal to build up in the nerve. When this electrical signal is big enough, it passes along the nerve to the brain, where the signal is interpreted as pain. Dr. Numb work by temporarily blocking this pathway of pain signals along nerves. Dr. Numb does this by stopping the sodium entering the nerve ending at the site of the pain. This prevents an electrical signal building up and passing along the nerve fibres to the brain. Numbing tattoo cream Most Painful Tattoo Locations Its commonly known that getting a tattoo hurts. Your skin is being pricked repeatedly with a needle, and youre not allowed to move. That alone is enough for some to consider getting a tattoo as tantamount to torture. For others with a considerably high-level of pain tolerance, the deed may just be a simple discomfort. Though the level of pain depends on the individual pain threshold, there are specific areas of the body where getting a tattoo proves to be incredibly more painful than other body parts. The rule of thumb is that areas where there is a dense concentration of nerves, or there is no layer of fat between the skin and bone, are the most painful locations for tattoos. Numbing creams for waxing Bikini Wax Tips Contrary to what the name suggests, a Full Bikini Wax is actually not a complete removal of hair down there. Instead, it involves removing all the hair around pubic area, except those directly in the Mound of Venus, also known as the mons pubis. Why leave hair in? For most folks, its because that part of the skin is considerably more sensitive than the rest of the pubic area. Waxing it can mean too much pain, particularly for some people who are more sensitive to the sensation. If youre not familiar with the pubic mound, its that part of your crotch area the consists largely of fatty tissues, right above the pubic bone. It forms the front of the actual vulva. Yep, its that area that shows up bulging during camel toe shots. In case you opt for this a Full Bikini Wax due to extra sensitivity of your pubic mound, do note that you can still trim the hair in that area. Most women I know who are afraid to get waxed there, choose to either shave or cut down the hair there instead. After all, its the hair there that usually catches female excretions, so a close trim helps makes sure that it stays clean. Waxing numbing cream Waxing has been around for a long time and is still one of the best methods for removing unwanted hair from many areas of the body. Here are some techniques that can minimize the pain associated with waxing. Difficulty: Easy Instructions Step 1 Take a anti-inflammatory pill two hours before you plan to wax to minimize the pain. Or drink coffee or a caffeinated drink before you plan to wax for the same effect. If neither of those appeal to you, and youre of legal age, take a shot of your favorite liquor! Step 2 Numb the area before waxing by applying an Dr.Numb Step 3 Pull the skin tight where the hair is growing. For example, if you are waxing your eyebrows, pull the skin on the brow bone towards the ear to tighten the skin, allowing the wax strip to adhere to the skin. Step 4 Pull the strip off quickly in the opposite direction the hair grows. Step 5 Apply a cold, damp towel immediately to the skin after you pull the strip off anesthetic for tattoos If you have a tattoo that you do not like, then perhaps you should consider removing it. There are many options available to you, so make sure you investigate them thoroughly. Many people have one that they love and cherish however there are others that want to get rid of their tattoo. Perhaps it was not done correctly, or it no longer has the same meaning as it had before. Perhaps it reminds the individual of a time that they choose to forget, such as affiliation with an organization or with a gang. Regardless of the reasoning, there are several ways you can remove a tattoo that are safe Many people choose to get laser removal to get rid of the particular unwanted item. The technician will use a laser to burn the ink, turning it into tiny fragments which are cleared away through your body. If you go several times, the laser can really penetrate and remove deep layers or ink. However, this can really damage your skin and can cause scabs and even scars. Many people believe that laser removal is very painful and very expensive. Depending on where you live, session costs can range from three hundred to one thousand dollars and you may need several sessions to get the results that you actually want. What to take before tattoo i guess i already found the best ever numbing cream for my tattooing sessions i really thanks DrNumbs numbing cream,, actually ive just tried it once before,, but when i proven its really effective and very safe, now Im not worried about the pain in my tattoo sessions, i got already the confident every time Im going at the tattoo shop,, other things why i really trust DrNumbs numbing cream,, because its contains 5% lidocaine the highest amount allowed by food and drug administration.. DrNumb voted as a #1 numbing cream by the tattoo artist around the world..And also it is the only one water-based numbing cream on the market!!it is also medically tested and resonably priced.. Got to know more about this product you may visit their website at http://www.drnumb.com/ . What to use to numb skin If you are attempting to wax your body at home and have extremely sensitive skin, there are several ways that you can numb your skin without a doctors care. Although over-the-counter numbing creams, sprays and gels only last temporarily, they can help you avoid the pain that may be associated with cosmetic procedures such as eyebrow tweezing or hair waxing. All numbing creams, sprays and gels are not right for everyone, and if you have extremely sensitive skin, test the solution on the inside of your arm before using on your face or any other sensitive areas of the body. Purchase Numbingcream at www.drnumb.com. Numbingcream is useful for numbing any skin area.

Ethical and Security Issues of Organization

Ethical and Security Issues of Organization CASE STUDY 3 The chief executive officers responsibility regarding the security and ethical issues should be no different from any other part of the business or executive , and also they should be involved not only because they continuously deal with financial, operational, and business risk decisions. They also need to know more information to make fact based decision that will expose the organization to regulatory compliance issues, risk to the business reputation, or decrease the efficiency and effectiveness of the organizations capability to produce because when launching a new product or service, if there is not a clear understanding of the security risks the organization could end up closing its doors due to the lack of controls. Many chief executive officers today should be aware of the security risks of their organizations which create financial and public relations nightmares related to the loss of information. They should continue to take their time to understand the ethical and securit y issues of the organization, and ensure that appropriate responsibility is designated for reducing risk. Organizational culture is defined as a system of knowledge, of standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting that serves to relate human communities to their environmental settings. The reason why a chief executive officers action affects an organizational culture is because one of their primary responsibilities is being a strategic leader who creates and maintains the organizational characteristics that reward and encourage collective effort. In addition, for example the former chief executive officer of Microsoft Bill Gates had a lasting impact on organizational culture through the transformation of his initial beliefs and values into basic underlying assumptions. His initial beliefs and values where proven successful over a period of time which became embedded in the organizational culture, and will continuously be taught to current and new members as the correct way to think and believe in certain situations. What leaders pay attention to, measure and control. Someth ing as simple as what is emphasized or measured, over time, can have an effect on an organizations culture. One example of this is an emphasis on form over substance. If leaders pay more attention to form, an organizational culture can develop where people start to believe that the substance of a recommendation is less important than the way it is presented. Non technical industries if at all they need to worry, they need to worry about not having the necessary technology for example, when you look back at other major business technologies, from rail transport to electricity, you see that when they switch from being potential sources of advantage to mere costs of doing business, the key for successful management shifts from aggressive innovation and investment to careful cost and risk management. And I think thats true with technology as well. Even if you cant gain an advantage from information technology, you can certainly put yourself at a disadvantage by spending too much on it or by otherwise mismanaging it. As I said, I think the essence of successful management is being able to draw distinctions, and if no one can distinguish technology from information from talent, then youve got a big managerial problem. I think that even some of the business uses of technology are becoming, in effect, commoditized. The nature of technology means that when you commoditize the technology, in most cases youre also commoditizing the business process that runs on it, and even the information that runs through it. Information technology decision-makers face daunting challenges to provide and maintain inter-networked systems that ensure organizational mission success despite sophisticated computer network attacks. Exacerbating this situation, the extremely dynamic threat environment for Internet-based systems requires regular re-evaluation of organizational operations and systems in light of changes in attacker activity or, simply, an improved understanding of threats. Unfortunately, current technology provides little help in determining how attacks affect the survival of what is important to an organization and maintaining a survivability strategy as the threat environment evolves. This project develops methods and tools that help model and analyze an organizations threat dynamics and that improve the organizations security, survivability, and resiliency in light of those dynamics. We define threat dynamics as the study of the impact of an organizations threat environment on the ability of the organization to achieve its mission objectives. Evidence from a comprehensive study of insider threats indicates that executives, at times, make decisions that are intended to enhance organizational performance and productivity. Lastly, The CTO, CPO, OR CSO all possess the ability to think effectively in abstract terms, the ability to deal with ambiguity, and strong leadership and team building skills since long term success requires accomplishing far more than one person can do alone. By measuring the effectiveness using the same metrics that are used to measure the business. The tools that are used to drive the business success must be technical ones. They should also include technical expertise, technology leadership, and use of information technology for strategic gain. For example, as failure cases come in just like the one a customer finds, requires that they have a unit test in place for that particular issue so that you can start building a field failure regression test suite. Rules should be set up for new enhancements that incorporate unit testing. Picking both the enhancement and the developer to do it in the same manner would produce a productive code review. This way everyone can learn. Once the pilot is done and the first code review complete with unit tests is complete, then everyone should be required to do it to make sure they are adopting some discipline and unit testing. They need to manage policies and procedures on how individual businesses handle and protect its client data which encompasses a wide variety of information, such as personal e-mail addresses, account balances, credit scores, purchasing history and Social Security numbers. Participate as a key team member in responding to and managing incidents resulting in the loss or potential compromise of personal data by the organization or its service providers. They should assist in assessing privacy-related risks throughout the organization and promotes strategies to mitigate these risks through the development and implementation of infrastructure, standards for the collection, use, and sharing of personal information, vendor requirements, training, and other appropriate mechanisms. References http://managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htm Title: Legal Issues, Ethical Issues, Privacy, and Security URL: http://webliminal.com/Lrn-web09.html Jeffrey Rothfeder. 1992. Privacy for Sale: How Computerization Has Made Everyones Private Life an Open Secret. New York: Simon and Schuster. http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm. Questions: Explain why understanding technology, especially in the areas of security and ethics, is important for CEO. How do a CEOs actions affect the organizational culture? Identify why executives in non technological industries need to worry about the technology and its potential business ramifications. Describe why continuously learning about technology allows an executive to better analyze threats and opportunities. Identify 3 things that CTO,CPO, or CSO could do to prevent the above issues which stolen privacy proprietary information, sexual harassment, stolen trade secrets.

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy StatementThe marketing communication process begins with identifying those who. MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy Statement The marketing communication process begins with identifying those who will make up the target audience. In this case, the target audience for the MARS Splenda Campaign includes three market segments: diabetics, health conscious younger females and mothers of children between the ages of 4 and 12. The objectives that are taken in this case are as follows: - Create awareness among 90 percent of the target audience. To do this we will use repetitive advertising in magazines, on television, on the radio and billboards. Keep the message short and simple. Make people aware of the difference between sugar and Splenda. - Create interest in the brand among 70 percent of the target audience. Inform people that it contains no sugar but Splenda so it is healthier for your children but also tastes good and may also be eaten by diabetics. - Create a favorable attitude about the brand among 40 percent and preference among 25 percent of the target audience. Do this by conveying the information about the difference between sugar and Splenda in all ads and on the package. Each time you purchase you have a chance to win cool prizes from our online gift shop. Refer people to the website... MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Essay MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy StatementThe marketing communication process begins with identifying those who. MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy Statement The marketing communication process begins with identifying those who will make up the target audience. In this case, the target audience for the MARS Splenda Campaign includes three market segments: diabetics, health conscious younger females and mothers of children between the ages of 4 and 12. The objectives that are taken in this case are as follows: - Create awareness among 90 percent of the target audience. To do this we will use repetitive advertising in magazines, on television, on the radio and billboards. Keep the message short and simple. Make people aware of the difference between sugar and Splenda. - Create interest in the brand among 70 percent of the target audience. Inform people that it contains no sugar but Splenda so it is healthier for your children but also tastes good and may also be eaten by diabetics. - Create a favorable attitude about the brand among 40 percent and preference among 25 percent of the target audience. Do this by conveying the information about the difference between sugar and Splenda in all ads and on the package. Each time you purchase you have a chance to win cool prizes from our online gift shop. Refer people to the website...

We Need Gun Control Laws to Ensure Public Safety Essay -- Argumentativ

We Need Additional Gun Control Laws to Ensure Public Safety On April19, 1999, 7-year-old Nafis Jefferson was shot and killed with a .44-caliber revolver, a Rossi Model 720, while playing with friends along a street in his South Philadelphia neighborhood. Children found the gun stashed under an abandoned car parked along the street. One of the children, also a 7-year old boy, picked up the gun and fired it, hitting Nafis in the head. Nafis died six hours later at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.  Ã‚   This is an excerpt from a press release on 4/17/2001 (www.gunlawsuits.org).   Ã‚   Our world today has altered immensely since the days of Adam. It is a perfect example of the maxim "survival of the fittest.'' Due to the captivating media, the revolutionary Internet and the cutthroat competition for winning the rat race, human contact is diminishing rapidly. The center to prevent handgun Violence filed a suit on 18/4/2001 against Amadeo Rossi manufacturers and others who were involved with the sale and distribution of the weapon. The lawsuit contends that the weapon possessed inadequate safety measures and that the gun was illegally distributed. The question arises will this measure bring Nafis back to life? Will this alleviate Tennille Jefferson's pain of her son's untimely death? Laws are structured and implemented to benefit the masses. Unfortunately this objective is  Ã‚   not always achieved. The constitution of the states is considered the best work of law yet it is unable to save the life of a child. Clearly the problem of violence is turning more into a socio-cultural and psychological problem than a legal one. However laws still need to be implemented justly in order to preserve the freedom and rights of me... ...cts) * Since 1992, the number of criminals sentenced for state and federal offences has increased from 20,681 to 25,186 over 25% increase. * The number of higher-level offenders has gone up from 1049 to 1345. * The number of inmates in Federal prisons on firearm or arson charges has increased by 51% The statistics and the stated facts are evidence that more gun control measures are required for the safety and peace of the society.   Law abiding citizens do not need arms.   For them the rule of law and justice is enough. Works Cited Retrieved from the World Wide Web (April 28, 2001) www.gunlawsuits.org Retrieved from the World Wide Web (April 28, 2001) www.handguncontrol.org/facts Retrieved from the World Wide Web (April 28, 2001) www.handguncontrol.org/press Retrieved from the World Wide Web (April 28, 2001) www.nraila.org/grassroots